Anatomy, Histology and Embryology

Welsch, U., Kummer, W., & Deller, T. (2022). Histologie-Das Lehrbuch. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Benninghoff, A., & Drenckhahn, D. (2008). Makroskopische Anatomie, Histologie, Embryologie, Zellbiologie Band 1: Zelle, Gewebe, Entwicklung, Skelett-und Muskelsystem, Atemsystem, Verdauungssystem, Harn-und Genitalsystem (A. Benninghoff Ed. 17. Auflage ed.).

Benninghoff, A., & Drenckhahn, D. (2004). Anatomie, Makroskopische Anatomie, Embryologie und Histologie des Menschen, Band 2: Herz-Kreislauf-System, Lymphatisches System, Endokrine Drüsen, Nervensystem, Sinnesorgane, Haut.

Lüllmann-Rauch, R., & Asan, E. (2015). Taschenbuch Histologie. 5., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage.

Kühnel, W. (2014). Taschenatlas Histologie.

Sadler, T.W. (2003). Medizinische Embryologie, Thieme

Schünke, M., Schulte, E., & Schumacher, U. (Eds.). (2022). PROMETHEUS Allgemeine Anatomie und Bewegungssystem: LernAtlas der Anatomie. Georg Thieme Verlag.

Schünke, M., Schulte, E., & Schumacher, U. (2018). PROMETHEUS Innere Organe: LernAtlas Anatomie. Georg Thieme Verlag.

Physiology & Pathophysiology

Brandes, R., Lang, F., & Schmidt, R. F. (Eds.). (2019). Physiologie des Menschen: mit Pathophysiologie. Springer-Verlag.

Bischofberger, J., Behrends, J. C., Ehmke, H., Frings, S., Grissmer, S., Hoth, M., ... & Deutzmann, R. (2012). Duale Reihe Physiologie

Speckmann, E. J., Hescheler, J., & Köhling, R. (Eds.). (2019). Physiologie: Das Lehrbuch. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Pape, H. C., & Kurtz, A. (2019). Physiologie (Silbernagl), 9. Auflage. Thieme.

Pharmacology

Aktories, K., Flockerzi, V., Förstermann, U., & Hofmann, F. B. (Eds.). (2022). Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Seifert, R. (2018). Basiswissen Pharmakologie. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Pathology

Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Fausto, N., & Aster, J. C. (2014). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease, professional edition e-book. Elsevier health sciences.

Kumar, V., Abbas, A., Aster, J. C., & Deyrup, A. T. (2020). Robbins Essential Pathology E-Book. Elsevier health sciences.

Cross, S. (2013). Underwood's pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Höfler, G., Kreipe, H., & Moch, H. (Eds.). (2019). Pathologie: das Lehrbuch. Elsevier.

Cerny, T., & Karlin, K. (Eds.). (2018). PathoMaps: Klinisch-pathologische Übersichtskarten. Springer-Verlag.

Biochemistry

Rassow, J., & Netzker, D. (2016). Duale Reihe Biochemie, Thieme. Edited by J. Rassow et al. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.

Heinrich, P. C., Müller, M., & Graeve, L. (Eds.). (2014). Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie. Springer-Verlag.

Internal Medicine

Braun, J., & Müller-Wieland, D. (Eds.). (2022). Basislehrbuch Innere Medizin: kompakt-greifbar-verständlich. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Blum, H. E., Müller-Wieland, D., Siegenthaler, W., & Amann-Vesti, B. (Eds.). (2018). Klinische Pathophysiologie. Stuttgart, New York, Delhi, Rio: Thieme.

Principles of diagnostic procedures and their significance, diagnostic processes, pre-analytical laboratory tests, material extraction, material properties, test procedures used in clinical chemistry, immunology (spectrophotometry, ELISA), test procedures used in POC diagnostics (blood gases, dry chemistry), test procedures used in hemostaseology, test procedures used in hematology (counting, differentiation, flow cytometry), test procedures used in genetics. Properties for ionizing radiation; how X-rays are formed and how they interact with matter; stochastic, deterministic and teratogenic effects of X-rays; importance of X-ray examinations for various organ systems and indications; principles of soft tissue radiography / mammography; normal anatomy in X-ray images; importance of sonography for various organ systems and indications; principles of image formation in sonography; tissue properties that influence image representation in sonography; Transmission frequencies and different types of ultrasound probes; Doppler effect; normal anatomy in sonography; value of computed tomography (CT) for different organ systems and indications; physical principles of image formation in CT; Importance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for various organ systems and indications; principles of image formation in MRI; most important sequences in MRI; absolute and relative contraindications for MRI; digital subtraction angiography (DSA); types and techniques of image-guided interventions. Physical and equipment fundamentals with application examples. Devices to measure radioactive radiation and their use. Risk groups associated with radiological diagnostics, such as children and pregnant women.

Recommended reading:

Debus, J. (Ed.). (2017). Duale Reihe Radiologie. Georg Thieme Verlag.

Breitenseher, M. (Ed.). (2012). Lehrbuch der radiologisch-klinischen Diagnostik. Univ. Publ. 3.0.

Inflammation: Definition and phenomenology, causes, classification principles, inflammation as a local and systemic phenomenon, mediators of inflammation and their function, sub-aspects of the inflammatory response, forms of inflammation named according to the predominant component, special forms of inflammation, inflammatory reactions in inflammatory diseases that are not or not directly caused by pathogens, inflammatory and degenerative diseases with rheumatic symptoms, subsequent reactions and residuals, bacterial sepsis

Infectiology, infection history, returning travelers, selected domestic and tropical infections that are not associated with other organ-specific modules (as for example brucellosis, leishmania, malaria etc.)

Fundamentals and special medical microbiology (bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology) and fundamentals of microbiological diagnostics incl. antibiogram, interpretation of findings, development of resistance and its prevention, antibacterial agents, antibacterial resistance mechanisms, biologics

General principles of anti-infective therapy and pharmacological properties of the most important substance classes, including action mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects. Anti-infective therapy (antibacterial agents, antibacterial resistance mechanisms, tuberculostatics, antiviral therapy, antifungals, HIV therapy, antiprotozoal agents and anthelmintics), antimicrobial stewardship

Definition of terms relating to epidemiology, hygiene, prevention, colonization - infection; hospital hygiene, nosocomial infections, outbreak management.

Gender-specific differences in infectiology, infection history, epidemiology and interpretation of findings, and in medical microbiology

Recommended reading:

Flamm, H., Rotter, M., & Aspöck, C. (1999). Angewandte Hygiene in Krankenhaus und Arztpraxis: ein Lehrbuch über Krankenhaus-, Seuchen- und Umwelthygiene, Präventivme

Petersen, K. (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Edited by Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, and Raphael Dolin Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2009, Kapitel: Principles of anti-Infective Therapy

Messacar, K., Parker, S. K., Todd, J. K., & Dominguez, S. R. (2017). Implementation of rapid molecular infectious disease diagnostics: the role of diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship. Journal of clinical microbiology, 55(3), 715-723.

Fundamentals of anatomy and histology of immune defense: Systematic and topographical anatomy of lymphatic organs; pathways of the lymphatic organs, histology of lymphatic organs.

Physiological basics: innate and acquired immunity, function of immune cells and the progression of an immune reaction, system interaction.

Principles of immunomodulation; glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory drugs and immunomodulators; pharmacology of histamine; H1 antihistamines, immunosuppressants; genetically engineered drugs - biologicals.

Immunopathology ( fundamentals of immunopathology, hypersensitivity reactions, immunodeficiencies, transplantation immunity, tumor-associated immune phenomena)

Pathological principles: lymphatic organ anatomy; histology of lymphatic organs; bone marrow (myeproliferative diseases; characteristics of various leukemias; monoclonal gammopathies); lymph nodes ( for example, lymph nodes and their diseases; Hodgkin's disease)

Molecular principles of age-specific changes in the immune system ( immune system development including ageing with clinical examples, transplants in old age, perspectives of immuno-gerontology)

Innate and acquired immune system, basics of cellular and humoral immunity (phagocytes, complement, inflammation, cell dysfunction, antigens and antibodies, antigen recognition, antigen processing, antigen presentation, lymphocyte activation, immunological memory, cytokines, chemokines).

Types of allergies, immune response to viruses, bacteria and tumors. Basics of important autoimmune diseases.

Gender-specific differences in immunity, immune response and autoimmune diseases.

Recommended reading:

Pezzutto, A., Ulrichs, T., & Burmester, G. R. (2007). Taschenatlas der Immunologie: Grundlagen, Labor, Klinik. Georg Thieme Verlag.

Murphy, K., & Weaver, C. (2018). Janeway immunologie. Springer-Verlag.

Rink, L., Kruse, A., & Haase, H. (2012). Immunologie für Einsteiger. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.

Fundamentals of the anatomy and biology of blood and blood cells

Fundamentals of physiology: the composition and role of blood plasma; formation and decomposition of erythrocytes; erythrocyte metabolism, membrane skeleton and deformability; blood groups; primary haemostasis (focus on platelets); secondary haemostasis; haemostasis tests; the body's own hemostatic inhibition; fibrinolysis, system interaction, blood as a fluid, flow and volume, oncotic pressure

Basic pharmacology: the pharmacotherapy of iron deficiency and iron overload, EPO; pharmacology of hemostasis and basic principles of antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy;

Pathological principles: blood cells; spleen (for example, causes of extreme splenomegaly; cause of “moderate” splenomegaly; hypersplenism)

Tumors: the definition of the term tumor, characteristics and differentiation criteria of benign and malignant tumors, metastasis, tumor recurrence and regression of tumors, carcinogenesis, local and general effects of the tumor on the organism, tumor systematics, principles of tumor chemotherapy

Therapeutic objectives in oncology (curative, palliative, life quality); tumor staging; diagnostics and surgical therapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy; high-precision techniques in radiotherapy (including multimodal therapy concepts for rectal cancer); basic principles of drug-based tumor therapy; changes in white blood cells - leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemia (AML, CML, ALL); Changes in red blood cells - anemia, polyglobulia; Platelet changes - thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia (bleeding); Myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases, plasma cell diseases (MM, Waldenström), amyloidosis; Lymphadenopathy - lymphomas (Hodgkin, DLBCL, FL, CLL) Colon carcinoma, early detection, diagnostics and endoscopic therapy in gastroenterology (polyp and CRC), diagnostics and therapy Breast carcinoma, early detection, metastases (liver, lung, bone, brain); venous thromboembolism and anticoagulant therapy; leukocytosis & lymphadenopathy; geriatric oncology; communication skills (incl. patient information, electronic media); emergency care and treatment. patient information, electronic media); emergencies in hematology and oncology; tumor board; molecular signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches; transfusion medicine, blood group diagnostics, HLA system; palliative medicine (nutrition, analgesia, respiratory distress, sedation, living will).

Gender-specific and age-specific differences in the epidemiology, anamnesis, diagnosis and therapy of hematologic and oncologic diseases.

Basic anatomical principles: Overview of the gastrointestinal tract with peritoneum and positional relationships of the organs in the upper and lower abdomen; Systematics of the gastrointestinal tract incl. topographical anatomy of the stomach; topographical anatomy of the small intestine; topographical anatomy of the large intestine and rectum; the topographical anatomy of the liver; the anatomy of the gall bladder and pancreas; the pathways of the abdominal cavity; histology of the gastrointestinal tract including the head of the intestine; histology of the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Embryology of the gastrointestinal tract

Physiological principles: enteric nervous system; gastrointestinal motility, epithelium; salivary secretion; swallowing; gastric secretion; gastric motility; exocrine and endocrine pancreas; liver; enterohepatic circulation; water and osmolyte absorption in the small and large intestine; substrate absorption; calcium and phosphate balance; nutrition; energy balance and regulating food consumption.

Fundamentals in biochemistry: food composition; digestive biochemistry; food component digestion; carbohydrates; glycogen synthesis; gluconeogenesis; lipids; sources of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis; lipogenesis (triacylglycerols); lipolysis; ketone body metabolism; lipoproteins; proteins; regulation of energy metabolism; vitamins; trace elements.

Pathophysiological principles: esophageal disorders (gastroesophageal reflux; Barrett's esophagitis; achalasia; eosinophilic esophagitis); gastric disorders (gastritis (acute v.s. chronic type A, B and C gastritis); peptic ulcer; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome); diseases of the small intestine (gastroenteritis; bacterial, viral and toxic etiology of diarrhea; chronic infectious syndromes of the small intestine; celiac disease; disorders of epithelial transport; bacterial overgrowth); colonic disorders (inflammatory bowel diseases and their systemic manifestation; pathophysiological aspects of the etiology of M. Crohn's disease vs. ulcerative colitis; irritable bowel syndrome); diseases of the pancreas (acute and chronic pancreatitis (pancreatic insufficiency); endocrine and non-endocrine neoplasia of the pancreas; hereditary syndromes of the pancreas); diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts (gallstones (various aspects of development); cholangiopathies; intrahepatic and extrahepatic cystic diseases in the bile ducts).

Basic pathology: The pathology of major metabolic diseases (diabetes mellitus; gout; hemochromatosis; basics of inborn errors of metabolism); basics of the pathology of the liver (hepatitis; cirrhosis; fatty liver); basics of the pathology of digestion (pathology of food absorption; inflammation; substance defects; malassimilation syndrome; tumors); basics on the pathology of excretion (disorders of oral salivary flow; disorders of bile secretion; urinary flow disorders; cystic fibrosis); digestive tract (leukoplakia; carcinoma of the oral cavity; Tumors related to the odontogenic apparatus; jaw cysts; Sjögren's syndrome; salivary gland tumors; esophageal carcinoma; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; Helicobacter pylori; gastric ulcer; intestinal metaplasia; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; abdominal typhoid; celiac disease; Metastatic carcinoid; melanosis coli; colon polyps; precancerous lesions of the colon; cystic fibrosis; congestive liver failure; fatty degeneration of liver cells; iron deposits; biliary cirrhosis; liver cirrhosis; pigmentary cirrhosis; liver carcinoma; gallstones; cholecystitis; gallbladder and bile duct carcinoma).

Pharmacology basics: Pharmaceuticals to treat acid-related diseases and to influence gastrointestinal motility, including treating nausea and vomiting;

Anatomical principles: anatomy of the endocrine organs, anatomical principles: systematics and topography of the endocrine organs and their pathways (incl. parts of the CNS), histology of the endocrine organs, embryology of the endocrine organs

Basic physiology: Male hormonal reproduction regulation; female hormonal reproduction regulation; hormonal regulation of embryonic and fetal development and birth; hormonal regulation of growth; hormones of the adrenal cortex, mineral balance hormones.

Fundamentals of biochemistry: The chemical structure of a range of hormones (peptide hormones lipophilic hormones); pituitary gland (synthesis pathways of various hormones of the adeno- and neurohypophysis); thyroid gland (synthesis of thyroid hormones, central control of thyroid hormones and their chemical structure, distribution and structure of receptors of thyroid hormones in organ systems); parathyroid gland (synthesis of parathyroid hormone, mechanism of calcium measurement in the parathyroid gland); Adrenocortical hormones (synthesis of essential hormones of the adrenal cortex, principles of the mode of action of lipophilic hormones via transcription factors, central control of adrenocortical hormones and their chemical structure); central control of sex hormones with regard to their chemical structure, biochemical aspects of sex hormone receptors in relation to organ systems

Fundamentals of pathology: Basics of endocrine pathology (hyperfunction syndromes; adaptive hyperplasia; hypofunction syndromes);

Pharmacological principles: Hormone therapy and pharmacology of adrenocortical hormones including corticoids; thyroid therapeutics and sex hormones in pharmacotherapy

The pharmacological influence of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases; pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus; pharmacotherapy of purine metabolism disorders and obesity; pharmacotherapy of lipid metabolism disorders.

Basic molecular principles of changes in digestion (dental aspects, gastrointestinal tract and liver); basic molecular principles of changes in metabolism in old age (diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance; bone metabolism; obesity).

Epidemiology, aetiology and pathogenesis of disorders as well as their symptomatology, differential diagnosis, diagnostics, therapy and prognosis.

Esophageal, gastric, small and large bowel, liver, biliary tract and pancreatic disorders, disorders of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands and of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine cells

Surgical aspects of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, biliary tract, pancreas and endocrine organs, recognizing and responding to emergencies.

Geschlechterspezifische Unterschiede bei Erkrankungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts und der endokrinen Organe.

Recommended reading:

Elmadfa, I., & Leitzmann, C. (2019). Ernährung des Menschen. utb GmbH.

Fundamentals of anatomy: General anatomy macroscopy (shape and structure); general bone theory (bone and cartilage tissue, structure and function of bone types); general joint theory (joint types, additional equipment, ligaments); general muscle theory (muscle tissue, muscle types, tendons, fasciae, muscle groups); overview of trunk and extremities (structure, topography); musculoskeletal system: Head, neck and torso (systematics, topography, pathways); Upper extremities (systematics, topography, pathways); Lower extremities (systematics, topography, pathways), biomechanics and statics, embryology of the musculoskeletal system

Fundamentals of physiology: bone physiology; skeletal muscle electrophysiology and electromechanical coupling; cross-bridge cycle and muscle mechanics; muscle strength control, fiber types; electromyography (EMG); skeletal muscle plasticity, training, inactivity atrophy; blood flow and energy supply to muscles; smooth muscles.

Fundamentals of biochemistry: Neuromuscular transmission pathology (autoimmune myasthenias, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome); sarcolemma-muscular dystrophies (dystrophin and its associated glycoprotein complex, extracellular matrix proteins, plasma membrane proteins, sarcolemma-associated channelopathies); Muscle myofibril disorders (filament proteins, myosin, disorders caused by mutations in the Z-disk protein, titin-associated distal myopathies); mitochondrial disorders (mitochondropathies); storage disorders and metabolic disorders (disorders of muscle glycogen metabolism);

Pathology: Skeletal muscle pathology; connective tissue diseases; bones and cartilage; joints; tendons, tendon sheaths, bursae and fascia; inflammatory and neoplastic disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system.

Pharmacological principles: the pharmacology of bone metabolism; influencing related regulatory mechanisms; calcium metabolism and vitamin D; treating osteoporosis; muscle relaxants

Fundamentals of clinical orthopaedics (routine orthopaedic activities, indications for physical therapy, joint puncture), fundamentals of clinical traumatology (accident mechanism, course of events, trauma fracture treatment, osteosynthesis), aetiology, symptomatology, diagnostics, conservative therapy and surgical therapy of congenital and acquired deformities and functional disorders of the supporting and locomotor organs. This includes the upper extremities with shoulder joint, upper arm, elbow joint, forearm, hand, entire spine, hip joint in children and adults, thigh, knee disorders, knee joint, lower leg, ankle joint and foot; childhood orthopaedic disorders and disorders in the ageing process; congenital deformities, metabolic-inflammatory, tumorous and neurogenic disorders.

Pathophysiology of (poly)-trauma, general traumatology incl. conservative/surgical treatment of fractures and dislocations, special traumatology: treating spinal injuries with or without neurology, fractures and dislocations of the upper limb, arthroscopic procedures and options for the upper limb, hand and microsurgery, pelvis and pelvic ring injuries, hip joint fractures of the thigh, fractures and dislocations of the lower limb including ligament and meniscus injuries to the knee joint.

Fractures and ligament injuries to the ankle joint, Achilles tendon tears, fractures and luxations of the hindfoot and metatarsus.

Recommended reading:

Grifka, J., & Krämer, J. (2013). Orthopädie Unfallchirurgie. Springer-Lehrbuch. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28875-3

Breusch, S., Clarius, M., Mau, H., & Sabo, D. (Eds.). (2019). Klinikleitfaden Orthopädie Unfallchirurgie. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Biberthaler, P., Pfeil, J., & Nithard, F. U. (2017). Duale Reihe Orthopädie Und Unfallchirurgie. In :. Thieme Verlag.

Fundamentals of anatomy: Systematics and topography of the mediastinum and the heart, the anatomy of the conduction system; heart and vascular histology, heart embryology, cardiac malformations

Physiological principles; heart excitation formation and conduction; ECG origins and significance; electromechanical coupling in the heart; cardiac mechanics, principles of hemodynamics; arterial system; central circulatory regulation and regulation of cardiac activity; peripheral circulatory regulation, perfusion of special organs and their regulation; performance adaptation of circulation and respiration.

Basic heart pathophysiology, cardiomyopathies (heart failure (systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction); outflow obstruction; right heart failure); arrhythmias (bradycardias; tachycardias); coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis; classification of lesions; Cell biology; histology; pathology of arteriosclerosis; thrombosis (rupture of arteriosclerotic plaques, the thrombotic process); risk factors for cardiovascular disease (smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, age, gender, familial... ); Coronary ischemic syndromes (stable angina pectoris, unstable AP, myocardial infarction); Pinzmetal angina); Valvular heart disease (diseases of the aortic valve (AoK stenosis, AoK insufficiency); Diseases of the mitral valve (MiK stenosis, MiK insufficiency, MiK prolapse); tricuspid valve disorders (TiK stenosis, TiK insufficiency); pulmonary valve disorders (PuK stenosis, PuK insufficiency); pericardial disorders (pericarditis; pericardial effusion; constrictive pericarditis (armored heart); pericardial tamponade); congenital heart disease ( describing the most frequent right-to-left and left-to-right shunt syndromes (ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, persistent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary valve stenosis, aortic stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot and others)); Vascular diseases (hypertension (primary, secondary); aortic diseases (aneurysm, dissection)); diagnostic tests for cardiovascular diseases (troponins, BnP, D-dimer, etc.). a.).

Pathological principles: fundamentals relating to the circulatory system; arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis; arteriolosclerosis; aneurysms; relative coronary insufficiency; myocardial infarction; hypertension; myocardial hypertrophy; cardiac insufficiency; shock and shock organs; thrombosis; embolism; arterial circulatory disorders and hypoxia; bleeding (types of bleeding; anemia as a consequence of bleeding).

Pharmacological principles: principles of pharmacotherapy of heart failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension, hypotension and orthostatic dysregulation; principles of treating circulatory disorders (peripheral arterial circulatory disorders, cerebral circulatory disorders); differential therapy of heart failure, coronary heart disease and hypertension.

Molecular principles regarding changes in cardiovascular regulation in old age (cellular, subcellular and metabolic changes, physiological decrease in heart rate, introduction to heart failure, vascular system changes)

Differential diagnostics for leading cardiovascular symptoms; drug, interventional and surgical therapy options. Coronary heart disease; heart failure; valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies; inflammatory diseases of the pericardium; bradycardic and tachycardic cardiac arrhythmias; angiology (including PAD); congenital heart defects; cardiovascular emergencies. Cardiovascular imaging using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging; transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography;

Fundamentals of electrocardiography; cardiac diagnostic devices

Gender-specific differences in epidemiology, anamnesis, diagnosis and treating cardiologic disorders.

Recommended reading:

Lambert, Steinwender, C., & Trauner Verlag + Buchservice Verlag. (2021). Kardiovaskuläre Medizin (2. Auflage). Trauner Verlag

Fundamentals of anatomy: topography and systematics of the respiratory tract (head/neck, thorax and pleura; topographical anatomy of the respiratory organs and their pathways; histology of the respiratory organs (head/neck to thorax), embryology of the respiratory system

Fundamentals of physiology: respiratory mechanics; ventilation, gas exchange; perfusion; respiratory gas transport; respiratory regulation; respiration under extreme conditions; perfusion of special organs and its regulation; performance adaptation of circulation and respiration, oxygen; carbon dioxide; respiratory regulation

Fundamentals of pathophysiology: thrombosis ( arteriosclerotic plaque rupture, the thrombotic process); diagnostic tests in cardiovascular diseases (troponins, BnP, D-dimer, etc.).

Fundamentals of pathology: fundamentals of circulatory pathology; thrombosis; embolism; bleeding (types of bleeding; anemia as a consequence of bleeding).

Fundamentals of pharmacology; principles of pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coughing

The molecular principles behind changes in the lungs with age (remodeling and degradation of lung tissue, emphysema, fibrosis

Respiration, perfusion and ventilation of the lungs, gas exchange, basic principles of ventilation,
Percussion and auscultation of the lungs, thoracic imaging, invasive diagnostics, anamnesis (and status) in respiratory diseases; lung function measurement, blood gas analysis; epidemiology of respiratory and lung diseases; risk factors and prevention of respiratory and lung diseases; Obstructive airway diseases (asthma, COPD, bronchitis); neoplasms of the lung/thorax; infections of the airways and lungs (including tuberculosis), sleep-related breathing disorders, interstitial lung diseases; diseases of the pleura
vascular diseases of the lung, aeroallergy

Gender-specific disparities in (symptomatology, differential diagnosis and differential therapy of selected) respiratory system disorders

Recommended reading:

Bourke, Stephen J., Burns Graham P., Macfarlane James J. (2022): Respiratory Medicine – Lecture Notes; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; Chichester/UK; 10th Edition.

Fundamentals of anatomy: topographical anatomy of the kidneys and adrenal glands and their ducts; retroperitoneal space; histology of the kidney,

Physiological principles: glomerular filtration and its regulation; reabsorption mechanisms in the proximal and distal convolutions; urine concentration in the countercurrent system; forms of diuresis; primary and secondary tubular transport disorders; RAAS and blood pressure regulation, water and electrolyte balance; proton secretion in the kidney; acid-base balance; renal failure and dialysis therapy.

Fundamentals of pathology: kidneys (cystic kidneys; glomerulonephritis; Goodpasture syndrome; hypersensitivity reactions; analgesic nephropathy; nephrocalcinosis; renal cell carcinoma); pathobiochemistry of electrolyte imbalances.

Pharmacological principles relating to the kidneys and urinary tract: diuretic classification and principles of diuretic treatment; treatment of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance disorders; infusion therapy.

Fundamentals of biochemistry: Renal function (elimination of various metabolites as well as toxic substances, regulation of acid-base balance, synthesis and regulation of hormones produced in the kidney); synthesis pathways of renal hormones (erythropoietin, angiotensin, active form of vitamin D); creatinine (synthesis, importance of creatinine for GFR); Kidney stones (explanatory models for the development of various forms of kidney stones, calcium oxalate stones, uric acid stones, calcium phosphate stones, other less common kidney stones); genetic syndromes (Gitelman's syndrome, Bartter's syndrome, cystinosis); Chemical composition of urine (inorganic components, organic components, clinical implications of pathological urine findings); Selected diagnostic analysis methods (urea nitrogen, urinalysis, the role of proteins in urine, microalbuminuria)

Renal diagnostics, kidney, vascular and urinary tract imaging;
Immunological-serological findings and molecular genetics
Regulatory function of the kidney with volume balance, acid-base balance;
Genuine kidney diseases (glomular, tubolointerstitial, vascular and hereditary diseases, genetic defects)

Kidney injuries: Acute kidney injury (causes, diagnosis, management of acute kidney injury., prevention); Chronic kidney disease (delay in progression, management of chron. Kidney damage, chronic prog. Renal diseases, acid-base balance disorders); renal and systemic diseases (hypertension and kidney, secondary hypertension, diabetes, nephropathies in autoimmune phenomena such as vasculitis, lupus nephritis, etc.),
Cardiorenal syndrome; disorders affecting the acid-base balance
Urine forming and draining organ tumors

Disorders, obstructions or infections and outflow obstructions of the urine-forming or draining organs (infections, nephritis, urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, kidney stones, hydronephrosis)

Renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplantation, conservative/palliative therapy, renal replacement therapy for acute kidney damage (e.g. in intensive care units), and other extracorporeal therapy procedures

The definition of general practice; specific terminology and terminology, epidemiology in general practice; forms of organization, working environment, practice team; practice management, practice management. Diagnostic possibilities and therapeutic options. Overview of evidence-based complementary medical options. Diagnostic programs and guidelines for general practice. Treating chronic wounds and pressure ulcer prophylaxis. Managing emergencies in AP and the home environment. Managing injuries in general practice. Working with other healthcare professions and hospitals; networking, referrals, admissions; responsibilities in the public healthcare system (community doctor); home visits; patient transportation; HÄND; emergency doctor system. Economic aspects of GP activities. Preventable courses of disease, wait-and-see approach; handling uncertainties in diagnostics. General practitioner and family doctor function. Nonspecific diseases in general practice. The elderly patient (geriatrics) and palliative medical aspects in general practice Long-term care of chron. DMP, multimorbidity and polypharmacy, important interactions; correct use of medication in practice. Vaccination, vaccination counseling and vaccination education. Dementia patients in general practice; patients' wishes; living wills. Aftercare; rehabilitation; curative treatment (and "Kur"); supply of remedies; at-home first-aid kits;

Gender-specific differences in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and gender-specific challenges in family medicine.

Recommended reading:

Mader, F. H., & Weißgerber, H. (2014). Allgemeinmedizin und Praxis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Braun, R. N., Fink, W., & Kamenski, G. (2007). Lehrbuch der Allgemeinmedizin. Theorie, Fachsprache. Praxis. Verlag Berger, Horn Wien.

Introduction to gender medicine. Foundations of biological and psychosocial differences between men and women in terms of understanding health and managing illness. Interdisciplinary research field. Applications of research findings for clinical and private practice.

Recommended reading:

Kautzky-Willer, A. (2012). Gendermedizin. Prävention, Diagnose. Therapie. UTB Verlag, Wien.

Rieder, A., & Lohff, B. (Eds.). (2008). Gender Medizin: geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte für die klinische Praxis. Springer Science & Business Media.

From a perspective against a backdrop of social sciences and medicine, effective preventative medicine includes the fundamentals of descriptive statistics, basic concepts of epidemiology, statistics and study design in medicine, applied social research, basic principles of health economics, fundamentals of gender-specific preventative medicine from a health-economics perspective.

Introduction to the principles, fundamentals, methods and potential impact of health screenings; health screening programs based on specific clinical scenarios, evidence-based medicine, guidelines, therapy adherence, patient education, communication with patients, interface/intermediary management, knowledge management for physicians, case studies - from clinical cases to making the right decision. Fundamentals of gender-specific and effective preventative healthcare from a medical perspective.

Recommended reading:

Kreienbrock L., Pigeot I. und Ahrens W. (2012). Epidemiologische Methoden. Springer

Weiss, C. (2005). Basiswissen Medizinische Statistik, Springer

Held L., Rufibach K. und Seifert B. (2013). Medizinische Statistik, Pearson